Towards more precise automatic analysis: a systematic review of deep learning-based multi-organ segmentation Full Text

No longer limited to a fixed set of charts, Genie can learn the underlying data, and flexibly answer user questions with queries and visualizations. It will ask for clarification when needed and propose different paths when appropriate. Despite their aforementioned shortcomings, dashboards are still the most effective means of operationalizing pre-canned analytics for regular consumption. AI/BI Dashboards make this process as simple as possible, with an AI-powered low-code authoring experience that makes it easy to configure the data and charts that you want.

Ji et al.[232] introduced a novel CSS framework for the continual segmentation of a total of 143 whole-body organs from four partially labeled datasets. Utilizing a trained and frozen General Encoder alongside continually added and architecturally optimized decoders, this model prevents catastrophic forgetting while accurately segmenting new organs. Some studies only used 2D images to avoid memory and computation problems, but they did not fully exploit the potential of 3D image information. Although 2.5D methods can make better use of multiple views, their ability to extract spatial contextual information is still limited. Pure 3D networks have a high parameter and computational burden, which limits their depth and performance.

• Gou et al. [77] designed a Self-Channel-Spatial-Attention neural network (SCSA-Net) for 3D head and neck OARs segmentation.
• As such, semantic analysis helps position the content of a website based on a number of specific keywords (with expressions like “long tail” keywords) in order to multiply the available entry points to a certain page.
• These solutions can provide instantaneous and relevant solutions, autonomously and 24/7.
• The fundamental assumption is that segmenting more challenging organs (e.g., those with more complex shapes and greater variability) can benefit from the segmentation results of simpler organs processed earlier [159].
• If you’re interested in a career that involves semantic analysis, working as a natural language processing engineer is a good choice.

The application of semantic analysis methods generally streamlines organizational processes of any knowledge management system. Academic libraries often use a domain-specific application to create a more efficient organizational system. By classifying scientific publications using semantics and Wikipedia, researchers are helping people find resources faster. Search engines like Semantic Scholar provide organized access to millions of articles. Semantic analysis can also benefit SEO (search engine optimisation) by helping to decode the content of a users’ Google searches and to be able to offer optimised and correctly referenced content.

What Is Semantic Field Analysis?

Zhu et al. [75] specifically studied different loss functions for the unbalanced head and neck region and found that combining Dice loss with focal loss was superior to using the ordinary Dice loss alone. Similarly, both Cheng et al. [174] and Chen et al. [164] have used this combined loss function in their studies. The dense block [108] can efficiently use the information of the intermediate layer, and the residual block [192] can prevent gradient disappearance during backpropagation. The convolution kernel of the deformable convolution [193] can adapt itself to the actual situation and better extract features. The deformable convolutional block proposed by Shen et al. [195] can handle shape and size variations across organs by generating specific receptive fields with trainable offsets. The strip pooling [196] module targets long strip structures (e.g., esophagus and spinal cord) by using long pooling instead of square pooling to avoid contamination from unrelated regions and capture remote contextual information.

Alternatively, human-in-the-loop [51] techniques can combine human knowledge and experience with machine learning to select samples with the highest annotation value for training. For the latter issue, federated learning [52] techniques can be applied to achieve joint training of data from various hospitals while protecting data privacy, thus fully utilizing the diversity of the data. In this review, we have summarized around the datasets and methods used in multi-organ segmentation. Concerning datasets, we have provided an overview of existing publicly available datasets for multi-organ segmentation and conducted an analysis of these datasets. In terms of methods, we categorized them into fully supervised, weakly supervised, and semi-supervised based on whether complete pixel-level annotations are required.

The SRM serves as the first network for learning highly representative shape features in head and neck organs, which are then used to improve the accuracy of the FCNN. The results from comparing the FCNN with and without SRM indicated that the inclusion of SRM greatly raised the segmentation accuracy of 9 organs, which varied in size, morphological complexity, and CT contrasts. Roth et al. [158] proposed two cascaded FCNs, where low-resolution 3D FCN predictions were upsampled, cropped, and connected to higher-resolution 3D FCN inputs. Companies can teach AI to navigate text-heavy structured and unstructured technical documents by feeding it important technical dictionaries, lookup tables, and other information. They can then build algorithms to help AI understand semantic relationships between different text.

Gou et al. [77] employed GDSC for head and neck multi-organ segmentation, while Tappeiner et al. [206] introduced a class-adaptive Dice loss based on nnU-Net to mitigate high imbalances. The results showcased the method’s effectiveness in significantly enhancing segmentation outcomes for class-imbalanced tasks. Kodym et al. [207] introduced a new loss function named as the batch soft Dice loss function for training the network. Compared to other loss functions and state-of-the-art methods on current datasets, models trained with batch Dice loss achieved optimal performance. Recently, only a few comprehensive reviews have provided detailed summaries of existing multi-organ segmentation methods.

Considering the dimension of input images and convolutional kernels, multi-organ segmentation networks can be divided into 2D, 2.5D and 3D architectures, and the differences among three architectures will be discussed in follows. The fundamental assumption is that segmenting more challenging organs (e.g., those with more complex shapes and greater variability) can benefit from the segmentation results of simpler organs processed earlier [159]. Incorporating unannotated data into training or integration; existing partially labeled data can be fully utilized to enhance model performance, as detailed in Section of Weakly and semi-supervised methods. Instead, organizations can start by building a simulation or “digital twin” of the manufacturing line and order book. The agent’s performance is scored based on the cost, throughput, and on-time delivery of products.

Semantic Analysis Techniques

Learn how to use Microsoft Excel to analyze data and make data-informed business decisions. Begin building job-ready skills with the Google Data Analytics Professional Certificate. Prepare for an entry-level job as you learn from Google employees—no experience or degree required. If the descriptive analysis determines the “what,” diagnostic analysis determines the “why.” Let’s say a descriptive analysis shows an unusual influx of patients in a hospital.

It also examines the relationships between words in a sentence to understand the context. Natural language processing and machine learning algorithms play a crucial role in achieving human-level accuracy in semantic analysis. The issue of partially annotated can also be considered from the perspective of continual learning.

Dilated convolution is widely used in multi-organ segmentation tasks [66, 80, 168, 181, 182] to enlarge the sampling space and enable the neural network to extract multiscale contextual features across a wider receptive field. For instance, Li et al.[183] proposed a high-resolution 3D convolutional network architecture that integrates dilated convolutions and residual connections to incorporates large volumetric context. The effectiveness of this approach has been validated in brain segmentation tasks using MR images. Gibson et al. [66] utilized CNN with dilated convolution to accurately segment organs from abdominal CT images. Men et al. [89] introduced a novel Deep Dilated Convolutional Neural Network (DDCNN) for rapid and consistent automatic segmentation of clinical target volumes (CTVs) and OARs.

Various large models for medical interactive segmentation have also been proposed, providing powerful tools for generating more high-quality annotated datasets. Therefore, acquiring large-scale, high-quality, and diverse multi-organ segmentation datasets has become an important direction in current research. Due to the difficulty of annotating medical images, existing publicly available datasets are limited in number and only annotate some organs. Additionally, due to the privacy of medical data, many hospitals cannot openly share their data for training purposes. For the former issue, techniques such as semi-supervised and weakly supervised learning can be utilized to make full use of unlabeled and partially labeled data.

• Companies must first define an existing business problem before exploring how AI can solve it.
• As the data available to companies continues to grow both in amount and complexity, so too does the need for an effective and efficient process by which to harness the value of that data.
• Understanding the human context of words, phrases, and sentences gives your company the ability to build its database, allowing you to access more information and make informed decisions.
• Semantic analysis refers to the process of understanding and extracting meaning from natural language or text.
• For example, using the knowledge graph, the agent would be able to determine a sensor that is failing was mentioned in a specific procedure that was used to solve an issue in the past.

Zhang et al. [226] proposed a multi-teacher knowledge distillation framework, which utilizes pseudo labels predicted by teacher models trained on partially labeled datasets to train a student model for multi-organ segmentation. Lian et al. [176] improved pseudo-label quality by incorporating anatomical priors for single and multiple organs when training both single-organ and multi-organ segmentation models. For the first time, this method considered the domain gaps between partially annotated datasets and multi-organ annotated datasets. Liu et al. [227] introduced a novel training framework called COSST, which effectively and efficiently combined comprehensive supervision signals with self-training.

Semantic analysis in UX Research: a formidable method

In-Text Classification, our aim is to label the text according to the insights we intend to gain from the textual data. Hence, under Compositional Semantics Analysis, we try to understand how combinations of individual words form the meaning of the text. You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. To learn more about Databricks AI/BI, visit our website and check out the keynote, sessions and in-depth content at Data and AI Summit.

Additionally, if the established parameters for analyzing the documents are unsuitable for the data, the results can be unreliable. This analysis is key when it comes to efficiently finding information and quickly delivering data. It is also a useful tool to help with automated programs, like when you’re having a question-and-answer session with a chatbot. Semantic analysis offers your business many benefits when it comes to utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). Semantic analysis aims to offer the best digital experience possible when interacting with technology as if it were human.

For example, FedSM [61] employs a model selector to determine the model or data distribution closest to any testing data. Studies [62] have shown that architectures based on self-attention exhibit stronger robustness to distribution shifts and can converge to better optimal states on heterogeneous data. Recently, Qu et al.[56] proposed a novel and systematically effective active learning-based organ segmentation and labeling method.

Drilling into the data further might reveal that many of these patients shared symptoms of a particular virus. This diagnostic analysis can help you determine that an infectious agent—the “why”—led to the influx of patients. This type of analysis helps describe or summarize quantitative data by presenting statistics. For example, descriptive statistical analysis could show the distribution of sales across a group of employees and the average sales figure per employee. You can complete hands-on projects for your portfolio while practicing statistical analysis, data management, and programming with Meta’s beginner-friendly Data Analyst Professional Certificate. Designed to prepare you for an entry-level role, this self-paced program can be completed in just 5 months.

This method utilized high-resolution 2D convolution for accurate segmentation and low-resolution 3D convolution for extracting spatial contextual information. A self-attention mechanism controlled the corresponding 3D features to guide 2D segmentation, and experiments demonstrated that this method outperforms both 2D and 3D models. Similarly, Chen et al. [164] devised a novel convolutional neural network, OrganNet2.5D, that effectively processed diverse planar and depth resolutions by fully utilizing 3D image information. This network combined 2D and 3D convolutions to extract both edge and high-level semantic features. Sentiment analysis, a branch of semantic analysis, focuses on deciphering the emotions, opinions, and attitudes expressed in textual data.

The relevance and industry impact of semantic analysis make it an exciting area of expertise for individuals seeking to be part of the AI revolution. Earlier CNN-based methods mainly utilized convolutional layers for feature extraction, followed by pooling layers and fully connected layers for final prediction. In the work of Ibragimov and Xing [67], deep learning techniques were employed for the segmentation of OARs in head and neck CT images for the first time. They trained 13 CNNs for 13 OARs and demonstrated that the CNNs outperformed or were comparable to advanced algorithms in accurately segmenting organs such as the spinal cord, mandible and optic nerve. Fritscher et al. [68] incorporated shape location and intensity information with CNN for segmenting the optic nerve, parotid gland, and submandibular gland.

The initial release of AI/BI represents a first but significant step forward toward realizing this potential. We are grateful for the MosaicAI stack, which enables us to iterate end-to-end rapidly. Machines that possess a “theory of mind” represent an early form of artificial general intelligence.

With the excitement around LLMs, the BI industry started a new wave of incorporating AI assistants into BI tools to try and solve this problem. Unfortunately, while these offerings are promising in concept and make for impressive product demos, they tend to fail in the real world. When faced with the messy data, ambiguous language, and nuanced complexities of actual data analysis, these “bolt-on” AI experiences struggle to deliver useful and accurate answers.

– Data preprocessing

Semantic analysis refers to the process of understanding and extracting meaning from natural language or text. It involves analyzing the context, emotions, and sentiments to derive insights from unstructured data. By studying the grammatical format of sentences and the arrangement of words, semantic analysis provides computers and systems with the ability to understand and interpret language at a deeper level. 3D multi-organ segmentation networks can extract features directly from 3D medical images by using 3D convolutional kernels. Some studies, such as Roth et al.[79], Zhu et al. [75], Gou et al. [77], and Jain et al. [166], have employed 3D network for multi-organ segmentation. However, since 3D network requires a large amount of GPU memory, they may face computationally intensive and memory shortage problems.

The goal is to boost traffic, all while improving the relevance of results for the user. As such, semantic analysis helps position the content of a website based on a number of specific keywords (with expressions like “long tail” keywords) in order to multiply the available entry points to a certain page. These two techniques can be used in the context of customer service to refine the comprehension of natural language and sentiment. It is a crucial component of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and the inspiration for applications like chatbots, search engines, and text analysis tools using machine learning. Powerful semantic-enhanced machine learning tools will deliver valuable insights that drive better decision-making and improve customer experience.

Vesal et al. [182] integrated dilated convolution into the 2D U-Net for segmenting esophagus, heart, aorta, and thoracic trachea. Wang et al. [142], Men et al. [143], Lei et al. [149], Francis et al. [155], and Tang et al. [144] used neural networks in both stages. In the first stage, networks were used to localize the target OARs by generating bounding boxes. Among them, Wang et al. [142] and Francis et al. [155] utilized 3D U-Net in both stages, while Lei et al. [149] used Faster RCNN to automatically locate the ROI of organs in the first stage.

Top 5 Applications of Semantic Analysis in 2022

Efficiently working behind the scenes, semantic analysis excels in understanding language and inferring intentions, emotions, and context. Semantic analysis significantly improves language understanding, enabling machines to process, analyze, and generate text with greater accuracy and context sensitivity. Indeed, semantic analysis is pivotal, fostering better user experiences and enabling more efficient information retrieval and processing. Semantic analysis is a crucial component of natural language processing (NLP) that concentrates on understanding the meaning, interpretation, and relationships between words, phrases, and sentences in a given context. It goes beyond merely analyzing a sentence’s syntax (structure and grammar) and delves into the intended meaning.

By leveraging techniques such as natural language processing and machine learning, semantic analysis enables computers and systems to comprehend and interpret human language. This deep understanding of language allows AI applications like search engines, chatbots, and text analysis software to provide accurate and contextually relevant results. CNN-based methods have demonstrated impressive effectiveness in segmenting multiple organs across various tasks. However, a significant limitation arises from the inherent shortcomings of the limited perceptual field within the convolutional layers. Specifically, these limitations prevent CNNs from effectively modeling global relationships. This constraint impairs the models’ overall performance by limiting their ability to capture and integrate broader contextual information which is critical for accurate segmentation.

Traditional methods involve training models for specific tasks on specific datasets. However, the current trend is to fine-tune pretrained foundation models for specific tasks. In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of foundation model, including the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) model [256], CLIP [222], and Segmentation Anything Model (SAM) tailored for segmentation tasks [59].

Huang et al. [115] introduced MISSFormer, a novel architecture for medical image segmentation that addresses convolution’s limitations by incorporating an Enhanced Transformer Block. This innovation enables effective capture of long-range dependencies and local context, significantly improving segmentation performance. Furthermore, in contrast to Swin-UNet, this method can achieve comparable segmentation performance without the necessity of pre-training on extensive datasets. Tang et al.[116] introduce a novel framework for self-supervised pre-training of 3D medical images. This pioneering work includes the first-ever proposal of transformer-based pre-training for 3D medical images, enabling the utilization of the Swin Transformer encoder to enhance fine-tuning for segmentation tasks.

This degree of language understanding can help companies automate even the most complex language-intensive processes and, in doing so, transform the way they do business. So the question is, why settle for an educated guess when you can rely on actual knowledge? This is a key concern for NLP practitioners responsible for the ROI and accuracy of their NLP programs. You can proactively get ahead of NLP problems by improving machine language understanding.

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

The analyst examines how and why the author structured the language of the piece as he or she did. When using semantic analysis to study dialects and foreign languages, the analyst compares the grammatical structure and meanings of different words to those in his or her native language. As the analyst discovers the Chat GPT differences, it can help him or her understand the unfamiliar grammatical structure. As well as giving meaning to textual data, semantic analysis tools can also interpret tone, feeling, emotion, turn of phrase, etc. This analysis will then reveal whether the text has a positive, negative or neutral connotation.

Semantic analysis is the study of semantics, or the structure and meaning of speech. It is the job of a semantic analyst to discover grammatical patterns, the meanings of colloquial speech, and to uncover specific meanings to words in foreign languages. In literature, semantic analysis is used to give the work meaning by looking at it from the writer’s point of view.

Finally, some companies provide apprenticeships and internships in which you can discover whether becoming an NLP engineer is the right career for you. AI/BI Dashboards are generally available on AWS and Azure and in public preview on GCP. Genie is available to all AWS and Azure customers in public preview, with availability on GCP coming soon. Customer admins can enable Genie for workspace users through the Manage Previews page. For business users consuming Dashboards, we provide view-only access with no license required. At the core of AI/BI is a compound AI system that utilizes an ensemble of AI agents to reason about business questions and generate useful answers in return.

Their results demonstrated that a single CNN can effectively segment multiple organs across different imaging modalities. In summary, semantic analysis works by comprehending the meaning and context of language. It incorporates techniques such as lexical semantics and machine learning algorithms to achieve a deeper understanding of human language. By leveraging these techniques, semantic analysis enhances language comprehension and empowers AI systems to provide more accurate and context-aware responses.

Each agent is responsible for a narrow but important task, such as planning, SQL generation, explanation, visualization and result certification. Due to their specificity, we can create rigorous evaluation frameworks and fine-tuned state-of-the-art LLMs for them. In addition, these agents are supported by other components, such as a response ranking subsystem and a vector index.

Semantic analysis uses the context of the text to attribute the correct meaning to a word with several meanings. On the other hand, Sentiment analysis determines the subjective qualities of the text, such as feelings of positivity, negativity, or indifference. This information can help your business learn more about customers’ feedback and emotional experiences, which can assist you in making improvements to your product or service. Considering the way in which conditional information is incorporated into the segmentation network, methods based on conditional networks can be further categorized into task-agnostic and task-specific methods. Task-agnostic methods refer to cases where task information and the feature extraction by the encoder–decoder are independent. Task information is combined with the features extracted by the encoder and subsequently converted into conditional parameters introduced into the final layers of the decoder.

However, as businesses evolve, these users rely on scarce and overworked data professionals to create new visualizations to answer new questions. Business users and data teams are trapped in this unfulfilling and never-ending cycle that generates countless dashboards but still leaves many questions unanswered. Machines with self-awareness are the theoretically most advanced type of AI and would possess an understanding of the world, others, and itself.

By studying the relationships between words and analyzing the grammatical structure of sentences, semantic analysis enables computers and systems to comprehend and interpret language at a deeper level. Milletari et al. [90] proposed the Dice loss to quantify the intersection between volumes, which converted the voxel-based measure to a semantic label overlap measure, becoming a commonly used loss function in segmentation tasks. Ibragimov and Xing [67] used the Dice loss to segment multiple organs of the head and neck. However, using the Dice loss alone does not completely solve the issue that neural networks tend to perform better on large organs. To address this, Sudre et al. [201] introduced the weighted Dice score (GDSC), which adapted its Dice values considering the current class size. Shen et al. [205] assessed the impact of class label frequency on segmentation accuracy by evaluating three types of GDSC (uniform, simple, and square).

To overcome this issue, the weighted CE loss [204] added weight parameters to each category based on CE loss, making it better suited for situations with unbalanced sample sizes. Since multi-organ segmentation often faces a significant class imbalance problem, using the weighted CE loss is a more effective strategy than using only the CE loss. As an illustration, Trullo et al. [72] used a weighted CE loss to segment the heart, esophagus, trachea, and aorta in chest images, while Roth et al. [79] applied a weighted CE loss for abdomen multi-organ segmentation.

For example, Chen et al. [129] integrated U-Net with long short-term memory (LSTM) for chest organ segmentation, and the DSC values of all five organs were above 0.8. Chakravarty et al. [130] introduced a hybrid architecture that leveraged the strengths of both CNNs and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to segment the optic disc, nucleus, and left atrium. The hybrid methods effectively merge and harness the advantages of both architectures for accurate segmentation of small and medium-sized organs, which is a crucial research direction for the future. While transformer-based methods can capture long-range dependencies and outperform CNNs in several tasks, they may struggle with the detailed localization of low-resolution features, resulting in coarse segmentation results. This concern is particularly significant in the context of multi-organ segmentation, especially when it involves the segmentation of small-sized organs [117, 118].

Companies
can translate this issue into a question—“What order is most likely to maximize profit? One area in which AI is creating value for industrials is in augmenting the capabilities of knowledge workers, specifically engineers. Companies are learning to reformulate traditional business issues into problems in which AI can use machine-learning algorithms to process data and experiences, detect patterns, and make recommendations. Semantic analysis forms https://chat.openai.com/ the backbone of many NLP tasks, enabling machines to understand and process language more effectively, leading to improved machine translation, sentiment analysis, etc. As discussed in previous articles, NLP cannot decipher ambiguous words, which are words that can have more than one meaning in different contexts. Semantic analysis is key to contextualization that helps disambiguate language data so text-based NLP applications can be more accurate.

In this advanced program, you’ll continue exploring the concepts introduced in the beginner-level courses, plus learn Python, statistics, and Machine Learning concepts. Prescriptive analysis takes all the insights gathered from the first three types of analysis and uses them to form recommendations for how a company should act. Using our previous example, this type of analysis might suggest a market plan to build on the success of the high sales months and harness new growth opportunities in the slower months. Another common use of NLP is for text prediction and autocorrect, which you’ve likely encountered many times before while messaging a friend or drafting a document. This technology allows texters and writers alike to speed-up their writing process and correct common typos. In fact, many NLP tools struggle to interpret sarcasm, emotion, slang, context, errors, and other types of ambiguous statements.

Semantic analysis is a process that involves comprehending the meaning and context of language. It allows computers and systems to understand and interpret human language at a deeper level, enabling them to provide more accurate and relevant responses. To achieve this level of understanding, semantic analysis relies on various techniques and algorithms. Using machine learning with natural language processing enhances a machine’s ability to decipher what the text is trying to convey. This semantic analysis method usually takes advantage of machine learning models to help with the analysis.

To overcome the constraints of GPU memory, Zhu et al. [75] proposed a model called AnatomyNet, which took full-volume of head and neck CT images as inputs and generated masks for all organs to be segmented at once. To balance GPU memory usage and network learning capability, they employed a down-sampling layer solely in the first encoding block, which also preserved information of small anatomical structures. Semantic analysis works by utilizing techniques such as lexical semantics, which involves studying the dictionary definitions and meanings of individual words.

Subsequently, these networks were collectively trained using multi-view consistency on unlabeled data, resulting in improved segmentation effectiveness. Conventional Dice loss may not effectively handle smaller structures, as even a minor misclassification can greatly impact the Dice score. Lei et al. [211] introduced a novel hardness-aware loss function that prioritizes challenging voxels for improved segmentation accuracy.

Failure to go through this exercise will leave organizations incorporating the latest “shiny object” AI solution. Despite this opportunity, many executives remain unsure where to apply AI solutions to capture real bottom-line impact. The result has been slow rates of adoption, with many companies taking a wait-and-see approach rather than diving in.

Zhang et al. [78] proposed a novel network called Weaving Attention U-Net (WAU-Net) that combined the U-Net +  + [191] with axial attention blocks to efficiently model global relationships at different levels of the network. This method achieved competitive performance in segmenting OARs of the head and neck. In conventional CNN, down-sampling and pooling operations are commonly employed to expand the perception field and reduce computation, but these can cause spatial information loss and hinder image reconstruction. Dilated convolution (also referred to as “Atrous”) introduces an additional parameter, expansion rate, to the convolution layer, which can allow for the expansion of the perception field without increasing computational cost.

In the context of multi-organ segmentation, commonly used loss functions include CE loss [200], Dice loss [201], Tversky loss [202], focal loss [203], and their combinations. Segmenting small organs in medical images is challenging because most organs occupy only a small volume in the images, making it difficult for segmentation models to accurately identify them. To address this constraint, researchers have proposed cascade multi-stage methods, which can be categorized into two types. One is coarse-to-fine-based method [131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141], where the first network is utilized to acquire a coarse segmentation, followed by the second network that refines the coarse outcomes for improved accuracy. Additionally, the first network can provide other information, including organ shape, spatial location, or relative proportions, to enhance the segmentation accuracy of the second network. Traditional methods [12,13,14,15] usually utilize manually extracted image features for image segmentation, such as the threshold method [16], graph cut method [17], and region growth method [18].

Although the term is commonly used to describe a range of different technologies in use today, many disagree on whether these actually constitute artificial intelligence. Instead, some argue that much of the technology used in the real world today actually constitutes highly advanced machine learning that is simply a first step towards true artificial intelligence, or “general artificial intelligence” (GAI). A network-based representation semantic analysis definition of the system using BoM can capture complex relationships and hierarchy of the systems (Exhibit 3). This information is augmented by data on engineering hours, materials costs, and quality as well as customer requirements. After decades of collecting information, companies are often data rich but insights poor, making it almost impossible to navigate the millions of records of structured and unstructured data to find relevant information.

This distributed learning approach helps protect user privacy because data do not need to leave devices for model training. With its wide range of applications, semantic analysis offers promising career prospects in fields such as natural language processing engineering, data science, and AI research. Professionals skilled in semantic analysis are at the forefront of developing innovative solutions and unlocking the potential of textual data. As the demand for AI technologies continues to grow, these professionals will play a crucial role in shaping the future of the industry. Semantic analysis offers promising career prospects in fields such as NLP engineering, data science, and AI research. NLP engineers specialize in developing algorithms for semantic analysis and natural language processing, while data scientists extract valuable insights from textual data.

AI can accelerate this process by ingesting huge volumes of data
and rapidly finding the information most likely to be helpful to the engineers when solving issues. For example, companies can use AI to reduce cumbersome data screening from half an hour to
a few seconds, thus unlocking 10 to 20 percent of productivity in highly qualified engineering teams. In addition, AI can also discover relationships in the data previously unknown to the engineer. Some of the most difficult challenges for industrial companies are scheduling complex manufacturing lines, maximizing throughput while minimizing changeover costs, and ensuring on-time delivery of products to customers.

However, due to their training samples being mostly natural images with only a small portion of medical images, the generalization ability of these models in medical images is limited [257, 258]. Recently, there have been many ongoing efforts to fine-tune these models to adapt to medical images [58, 257]. In multi-organ segmentation, a significant challenge is the imbalance in size and categories among different organs. Therefore, designing a model that can simultaneously segment large organs and fine structures is also challenging. To address this issue, researchers have proposed models specifically tailored for small organs, such as those involving localization before segmentation or the fusion of multiscale features for segmentation. In medical image analysis, segmenting structures with similar sizes or possessing prior spatial relationships can help improve segmentation accuracy.